public class

RuleBasedCollator

extends Collator
java.lang.Object
   ↳ java.text.Collator
     ↳ java.text.RuleBasedCollator

Class Overview

A concrete implementation class for Collation.

RuleBasedCollator has the following restrictions for efficiency (other subclasses may be used for more complex languages):

  1. If a French secondary ordering is specified it applies to the whole collator object.
  2. All non-mentioned Unicode characters are at the end of the collation order.
  3. If a character is not located in the RuleBasedCollator, the default Unicode Collation Algorithm (UCA) rulebased table is automatically searched as a backup.

The collation table is composed of a list of collation rules, where each rule is of three forms:

 
  
  
 

The rule elements are defined as follows:

  • Text-Argument: A text-argument is any sequence of characters, excluding special characters (that is, common whitespace characters [0009-000D, 0020] and rule syntax characters [0021-002F, 003A-0040, 005B-0060, 007B-007E]). If those characters are desired, you can put them in single quotes (for example, use '&' for ampersand). Note that unquoted white space characters are ignored; for example, b c is treated as bc.
  • Modifier: There is a single modifier which is used to specify that all accents (secondary differences) are backwards.

    '@' : Indicates that accents are sorted backwards, as in French.

  • Relation: The relations are the following:
    • '<' : Greater, as a letter difference (primary)
    • ';' : Greater, as an accent difference (secondary)
    • ',' : Greater, as a case difference (tertiary)
    • '=' : Equal
  • Reset: There is a single reset which is used primarily for contractions and expansions, but which can also be used to add a modification at the end of a set of rules.

    '&' : Indicates that the next rule follows the position to where the reset text-argument would be sorted.

This sounds more complicated than it is in practice. For example, the following are equivalent ways of expressing the same thing:

 a < b < c
 a < b & b < c
 a < c & a < b
 

Notice that the order is important, as the subsequent item goes immediately after the text-argument. The following are not equivalent:

 a < b & a < c
 a < c & a < b
 

Either the text-argument must already be present in the sequence, or some initial substring of the text-argument must be present. For example "a < b & ae < e" is valid since "a" is present in the sequence before "ae" is reset. In this latter case, "ae" is not entered and treated as a single character; instead, "e" is sorted as if it were expanded to two characters: "a" followed by an "e". This difference appears in natural languages: in traditional Spanish "ch" is treated as if it contracts to a single character (expressed as "c < ch < d"), while in traditional German a-umlaut is treated as if it expands to two characters (expressed as "a,A < b,B ... & ae;‹ & AE;Ì", where ‹ and Ì are the escape sequences for a-umlaut).

Ignorable Characters

For ignorable characters, the first rule must start with a relation (the examples we have used above are really fragments; "a < b" really should be "< a < b"). If, however, the first relation is not "<", then all text-arguments up to the first "<" are ignorable. For example, ", - < a < b" makes "-" an ignorable character.

Normalization and Accents

RuleBasedCollator automatically processes its rule table to include both pre-composed and combining-character versions of accented characters. Even if the provided rule string contains only base characters and separate combining accent characters, the pre-composed accented characters matching all canonical combinations of characters from the rule string will be entered in the table.

This allows you to use a RuleBasedCollator to compare accented strings even when the collator is set to NO_DECOMPOSITION. However, if the strings to be collated contain combining sequences that may not be in canonical order, you should set the collator to CANONICAL_DECOMPOSITION to enable sorting of combining sequences. For more information, see The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0.

Errors

The following rules are not valid:

  • A text-argument contains unquoted punctuation symbols, for example "a < b-c < d".
  • A relation or reset character is not followed by a text-argument, for example "a < , b".
  • A reset where the text-argument (or an initial substring of the text-argument) is not already in the sequence or allocated in the default UCA table, for example "a < b & e < f".

If you produce one of these errors, RuleBasedCollator throws a ParseException.

Examples

Normally, to create a rule-based collator object, you will use Collator's factory method getInstance. However, to create a rule-based collator object with specialized rules tailored to your needs, you construct the RuleBasedCollator with the rules contained in a String object. For example:

 String Simple = "< a < b < c < d";
 
 RuleBasedCollator mySimple = new RuleBasedCollator(Simple);
 

Or:

 String Norwegian = "< a,A< b,B< c,C< d,D< e,E< f,F< g,G< h,H< i,I"
         + "< j,J< k,K< l,L< m,M< n,N< o,O< p,P< q,Q< r,R" 
         + "< s,S< t,T< u,U< v,V< w,W< x,X< y,Y< z,Z"
         + "< Œ=a?,=A?" 
         + ";aa,AA< ¾,®< ¿,¯";
 
 RuleBasedCollator myNorwegian = new RuleBasedCollator(Norwegian);
 

Combining Collators is as simple as concatenating strings. Here is an example that combines two Collators from two different locales:

 // Create an en_US Collator object
 RuleBasedCollator en_USCollator = (RuleBasedCollator)Collator
         .getInstance(new Locale("en", "US", ""));
 
 // Create a da_DK Collator object
 RuleBasedCollator da_DKCollator = (RuleBasedCollator)Collator
         .getInstance(new Locale("da", "DK", ""));
 
 // Combine the two collators
 // First, get the collation rules from en_USCollator
 String en_USRules = en_USCollator.getRules();
 
 // Second, get the collation rules from da_DKCollator
 String da_DKRules = da_DKCollator.getRules();
 
 RuleBasedCollator newCollator = new RuleBasedCollator(en_USRules + da_DKRules);
 // newCollator has the combined rules
 

The next example shows to make changes on an existing table to create a new Collator object. For example, add "& C < ch, cH, Ch, CH" to the en_USCollator object to create your own:

 // Create a new Collator object with additional rules
 String addRules = "& C < ch, cH, Ch, CH";
 
 RuleBasedCollator myCollator = new RuleBasedCollator(en_USCollator + addRules);
 // myCollator contains the new rules
 

The following example demonstrates how to change the order of non-spacing accents:

 // old rule
 String oldRules = "= ¬ ; ø ; À" + "< a , A ; ae, AE ; ¾ , ®"
         + "< b , B < c, C < e, E & C < d, D";
 
 // change the order of accent characters
 String addOn = "& À ; ø ; ¬;";
 
 RuleBasedCollator myCollator = new RuleBasedCollator(oldRules + addOn);
 

The last example shows how to put new primary ordering in before the default setting. For example, in the Japanese Collator, you can either sort English characters before or after Japanese characters:

 // get en_US Collator rules
 RuleBasedCollator en_USCollator = (RuleBasedCollator)
     Collator.getInstance(Locale.US);
 
 // add a few Japanese character to sort before English characters
 // suppose the last character before the first base letter 'a' in
 // the English collation rule is ?
 String jaString = "& ? , ? < ?";
 
 RuleBasedCollator myJapaneseCollator = 
     new RuleBasedCollator(en_USCollator.getRules() + jaString);
 

Summary

[Expand]
Inherited Constants
From class java.text.Collator
Public Constructors
RuleBasedCollator(String rules)
Constructs a new instance of RuleBasedCollator using the specified rules.
Public Methods
Object clone()
Returns a new collator with the same collation rules, decomposition mode and strength value as this collator.
int compare(String source, String target)
Compares the source text to the target text according to the collation rules, strength and decomposition mode for this RuleBasedCollator.
boolean equals(Object obj)
Compares the specified object with this RuleBasedCollator and indicates if they are equal.
CollationElementIterator getCollationElementIterator(CharacterIterator source)
Obtains a CollationElementIterator for the given CharacterIterator.
CollationElementIterator getCollationElementIterator(String source)
Obtains a CollationElementIterator for the given string.
CollationKey getCollationKey(String source)
Returns the CollationKey for the given source text.
String getRules()
Returns the collation rules of this collator.
int hashCode()
Returns an integer hash code for this collator.
[Expand]
Inherited Methods
From class java.text.Collator
From class java.lang.Object
From interface java.util.Comparator

Public Constructors

public RuleBasedCollator (String rules)

Constructs a new instance of RuleBasedCollator using the specified rules. The rules are usually either hand-written based on the class description or the result of a former getRules() call.

Note that the rules are actually interpreted as a delta to the standard Unicode Collation Algorithm (UCA). Hence, an empty rules string results in the default UCA rules being applied. This differs slightly from other implementations which work with full rules specifications and may result in different behavior.

Parameters
rules the collation rules.
Throws
NullPointerException if rules is null.
ParseException if rules contains rules with invalid collation rule syntax.

Public Methods

public Object clone ()

Returns a new collator with the same collation rules, decomposition mode and strength value as this collator.

Returns
  • a shallow copy of this collator.
See Also

public int compare (String source, String target)

Compares the source text to the target text according to the collation rules, strength and decomposition mode for this RuleBasedCollator. See the Collator class description for an example of use.

General recommendation: If comparisons are to be done with the same strings multiple times, it is more efficient to generate CollationKey objects for the strings and use CollationKey.compareTo(CollationKey) for the comparisons. If each string is compared to only once, using RuleBasedCollator.compare(String, String) has better performance.

Parameters
source the source text.
target the target text.
Returns
  • an integer which may be a negative value, zero, or else a positive value depending on whether source is less than, equivalent to, or greater than target.

public boolean equals (Object obj)

Compares the specified object with this RuleBasedCollator and indicates if they are equal. In order to be equal, object must be an instance of Collator with the same collation rules and the same attributes.

Parameters
obj the object to compare with this object.
Returns
  • true if the specified object is equal to this RuleBasedCollator; false otherwise.
See Also

public CollationElementIterator getCollationElementIterator (CharacterIterator source)

Obtains a CollationElementIterator for the given CharacterIterator. The source iterator's integrity will be preserved since a new copy will be created for use.

Parameters
source the source character iterator.
Returns
  • a CollationElementIterator for source.

public CollationElementIterator getCollationElementIterator (String source)

Obtains a CollationElementIterator for the given string.

Parameters
source the source string.
Returns
  • the CollationElementIterator for source.

public CollationKey getCollationKey (String source)

Returns the CollationKey for the given source text.

Parameters
source the specified source text.
Returns
  • the CollationKey for the given source text.

public String getRules ()

Returns the collation rules of this collator. These rules can be fed into the RuleBasedCollator(String) constructor.

Note that the rules are actually interpreted as a delta to the standard Unicode Collation Algorithm (UCA). Hence, an empty rules string results in the default UCA rules being applied. This differs slightly from other implementations which work with full rules specifications and may result in different behavior.

Returns
  • the collation rules.

public int hashCode ()

Returns an integer hash code for this collator.

Returns
  • this collator's hash code.