ifconfig用来配置常驻内核的网络接口信息。在系统启动必要时用来设置网络适配器的信息。之后,它通常是只需要在调试时或当系统需要调整时使用。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
“-a”参数用来显示所有网络适配器(网卡)的详细信息,包括那些停用的适配器。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03 inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up
为网络适配器eth0设定IP地址“192.168.1.12”.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
注Note: 如果你设置一块无线网卡的信息,你可以使用的命令是“iwconfig”.欲知更多ifconfig命令的例子和使用方法,读“15个有用的ifconfig 命令”.
netstat命令显示各种网络相关的信息,如网络连接,路由表,接口统计,伪装连接,组播成员身份等....
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -a Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741379 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8965 /var/run/acpid.socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18584 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741385 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741387 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20242 @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13332 /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13331 /tmp/.winbindd/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11030 /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19308 /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 436781 /tmp/HotShots unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 46110 /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19310 /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent ....
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -at Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5901 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5902 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-1 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-2 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5938 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:5940 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED ...
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -s Ip: 4994239 total packets received 0 forwarded 0 incoming packets discarded 4165741 incoming packets delivered 3248924 requests sent out 8 outgoing packets dropped Icmp: 29460 ICMP messages received 566 input ICMP message failed. ICMP input histogram: destination unreachable: 98 redirects: 29362 2918 ICMP messages sent 0 ICMP messages failed ICMP output histogram: destination unreachable: 2918 IcmpMsg: InType3: 98 InType5: 29362 OutType3: 2918 Tcp: 94533 active connections openings 23 passive connection openings 5870 failed connection attempts 7194 connection resets received ....
好的!由于某些原因如果你不想解析netstat 输出的主机、端口和用户名称的话 。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -an
好,你可能需要获取的 netstat 持续输出的动态信息,通过传递中断输出指令 (ctrl + c)来停止。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ netstat -c
更多关于“netstat”的例子和使用方法,浏览文章“20个netstat 的使用案例”。
网络实用程序,用于获得互联网服务器的信息。顾名思义,该实用程序将发现通过查询 DNS 域的名称服务器信息。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup tecmint.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: tecmint.com Address: 50.16.67.239
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -query=mx tecmint.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=ns tecmint.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=any tecmint.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. tecmint.com mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. tecmint.com nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns3404.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns3403.com. tecmint.com nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -type=soa tecmint.com Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: tecmint.com origin = ns3403.hostgator.com mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com serial = 2012081102 refresh = 86400 retry = 7200 expire = 3600000 minimum = 86400 Authoritative answers can be found from:
更改使用你想要连接的端口号
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nslookup -port 56 tecmint.com Server: tecmint.com Address: 50.16.76.239#53 Name: 56 Address: 14.13.253.12
更多阅读 8个Nslookup 命令
dig是查询DNS 域名服务器的工具,可以查询的主机地址、 邮件交流、 域名服务器相关的信息。在任何 Linux (Unix) 或 Macintosh OS X 操作系统上,都可以使用该工具。dig的最典型的用法是单个主机的查询。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nocomments ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nocomments ;; global options: +cmd ;tecmint.com. IN A tecmint.com. 14400 IN A 40.216.66.239 ;; Query time: 418 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 45
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noauthority ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noauthority ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noadditional ; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> tecmint.com +noadditional ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +nostats ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +nostats ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noanswer ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noanswer ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ dig tecmint.com +noall ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> tecmint.com +noall ;; global options: +cmd
你连接到你的 Linux 服务器时发现一些不寻常或恶意的东西,你会做什么?猜测......不,绝不!你可以运行uptime来验证当服务器无人值守式到底发生了什么事情。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ uptime 14:37:10 up 4:21, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04
对系统管理员来说一个最重要的命令.wall发送一条消息到大家登录端将其 mesg 权限设置为"yes"。这条信息可以被wall作为参数,或者可以将它作为wall的标准输入。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm" Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm
其他人们可以使用"wtrite"命令,将在在向您发送文本到屏幕上。你可以控制是否显示。
mesg [n|y] n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen. y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.
如果 'mesg' 是 'y',让你的文本直接发送到另一台 Linux 机器的屏幕。.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ write ravisaive
增强的write命令,talk命令可让你与其他登录的用户交谈。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ talk ravisaive
注释: 如果 talk 命令没安装的话,可以通过apt 或yum 安装所需的包.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ yum install talk OR [avishek@tecmint ~]$ apt-get install talk
是否觉得命令'w'很滑稽?但是事实上不是的。它是一个命令,尽管只有一个字符长!命令"w"是uptime和who命令,以前后的顺序组合在一起。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ w 15:05:42 up 4:49, 3 users, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT server tty7 :0 14:06 4:43m 1:42 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo server pts/0 :0.0 14:18 0.00s 0.23s 1.65s gnome-terminal server pts/1 :0.0 14:47 4:43 0.01s 0.01s bash
见名知意,这个命令重命名文件。rename将会通过从文件名的首字符开始替换,重命名为指定的文件名。
Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213
仅仅写这些命令:[@Lesus 注: 在Ubuntu上不支持这种格式, rename与mv不同的是,rename可以批量修改,如同带了while的mv操作。]
rename a1 a0 a? rename a1 a0 a??
显示CPU进程信息。这个命令自动刷新,默认是持续显示CPU进程信息,除非使用了中断指令。
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ top top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57, 2 users, load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21 Tasks: 240 total, 1 running, 235 sleeping, 0 stopped, 4 zombie %Cpu(s): 2.0 us, 0.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem: 2028240 total, 1777848 used, 250392 free, 81804 buffers KiB Swap: 3905532 total, 156748 used, 3748784 free, 381456 cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 23768 ravisaiv 20 0 1428m 571m 41m S 2.3 28.9 14:27.52 firefox 24182 ravisaiv 20 0 511m 132m 25m S 1.7 6.7 2:45.94 plugin-containe 26929 ravisaiv 20 0 5344 1432 972 R 0.7 0.1 0:00.07 top 24875 ravisaiv 20 0 263m 14m 10m S 0.3 0.7 0:02.76 lxterminal 1 root 20 0 3896 1928 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.62 init 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.06 kthreadd 3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H 7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/u:0H 8 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/0 9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_bh 10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:26.94 rcu_sched 11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.95 watchdog/0 12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:02.00 watchdog/1 13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1 14 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/1 16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H 17 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset 18 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper 19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kdevtmpfs 20 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns 21 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 bdi-default 22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kintegrityd 23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd 24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ata_sff
另查看 12 TOP命令例子 ·[@Lesus 注:htop比top命令更好用,不过需要自己安装
]
这个命令在指定的设备上创建一个新的ext4文件系统,如果这个命令后面跟的是个错误的设备,那么整个设备就会被擦除和格式化,所以建议不要运行这个命令,除非你清楚自己正在干什么。
Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted) mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)
更多查看: Ext4是什么及怎么创建和转换
vi (visual), emac, nano 是 linux 中最常用的一些编辑器。它们经常用于编辑文本,配置,… 等文件. A quick guide to work around vi and nano is, emac is a.
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ touch a.txt (创建一个名为a.txt的文本文件) [avishek@tecmint ~]$ vi a.txt (用vi打开a.txt)
[按下‘i’键进入插入模式, 否则你不能输入任何内容]
echo "Hello" (这里的文本会存到文件中)
[avishek@tecmint ~]$ nano a.txt (用nano打开 a.txt)
edit, with the content, required
ctrl +x (关闭编辑器).它会显示如下的提示输出信息:
Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ? Y Yes N No ^C Cancel
点击‘y’ 选择 yes 并输入文件名,就完成编辑了.
评论删除后,数据将无法恢复
评论(66)
mesg 代码部分翻译格式不对。
mesg [n|y]
n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen.
y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.
只是回复中好多“内裤”啊,破坏学习气氛了,哪天国内论坛也有国外论坛的气氛那就好了